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Dr. Stephanie Pezard is a Senior Political Scientist and Associate Director of the Defense and Political Science Department at the RAND Corporation, where her research focuses on Arctic security and governance, European defense and security issues, NATO and transatlantic relations, security cooperation, gray zone threats, deterrence and escalation, and military interventions and nation-building. Prior to joining RAND, Dr. Pezard was a Researcher with the Geneva-based Small Arms Survey, focusing on security issues in post-conflict settings. She was also a Visiting Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University, New York and a Transatlantic Post-Doctoral Fellow for International Relations and Security (TAPIR) at the Center for Transatlantic Relations at SAIS/Johns Hopkins University and the RAND Corporation. She holds an MA in Contemporary History from the French Institute of Political Science (Sciences-Po) in Paris and a Ph.D. in International Relations (Political Science) from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva.